- Following the renyōkei of adjectives, negative auxiliary ず (ず form), and conjecture べし (べく from), and others, it indicates that a condition exists or is continuing. MJ ~である, ~している. Its basic function is indicate existence or continuation and is at the root of words such as なり (にあり) and たり(とあり) which are declarative copulas.
- When suffixed to conjunctive particles て and つつ, it indicates the continuation of the completion or result of an action.
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